Gipr-agonist compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to compounds having activity at the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor. The present invention also relates to compounds having an extended duration of action at the GIP receptor. Such compounds may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (“T2DM”). Also, the compounds may be useful in the treatment of obesity.

The present invention relates to compounds having activity at the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor. The present invention also relates to compounds having an extended duration of action at the GIP receptor. Compounds may be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (“T2DM”). Also, the compounds may be useful in the treatment of obesity.

Over the past several decades, the prevalence of diabetes has continued to rise. T2DM is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for approximately 90% of all diabetes. T2DM is characterized by high blood glucose levels associated mainly with insulin resistance. The current standard of care for T2DM includes diet and exercise, treatment with oral medications, and injectable glucose-lowering drugs, including incretin-based therapies such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. A variety of GLP-1 receptor agonists are currently available for treatment of T2DM, although currently marketed GLP-1 receptor agonists are generally dose-limited by gastrointestinal side effects such as nausea and vomiting.

Subcutaneous injection is the typical route of administration for the available GLP-1 receptor agonists. When treatment with oral medications and incretin-based therapies are insufficient, insulin treatment is considered. Despite the advances in treatment available today, many patients with T2DM are unable to reach their glycemic control goals. Uncontrolled diabetes leads to several conditions associated with increased morbidity and mortality of patients.

There is a need for a treatment to enable more patients with T2DM to reach their glycemic treatment goals.

Obesity is a complex medical disorder resulting in excessive accumulation of adipose tissue mass. Today obesity is a global public health concern that is associated with undesired health outcomes and morbidities. Desired treatments for patients with obesity should reduce excess body weight, improve obesity-related co-morbidities, and maintain long-term weight reduction. Available treatments for obesity are particularly unsatisfactory for patients with severe obesity. There is a need for alternative treatment options to induce therapeutic weight loss in patients in need of such treatment.

WO2016/111971 describes peptides stated to have GLP-1R and GIPR agonist activities. WO2013/164483 also discloses compounds stated to have GLP-1R and GIPR activities.

WO2018/181864 discloses compounds stated to have GIPR agonist activity.

There is a need for T2DM treatments capable of providing effective glucose control for a larger portion of the patients in need of such treatment. There is a further need for T2DM treatments capable of providing effective glucose control and with a favorable side effect profile. There is a need for alternate treatment options to provide therapeutic weight loss in a patient in need of such treatment, such as a patient with severe obesity. There is a desire for diabetes treatment options that may be combined with insulin therapy and/or incretin therapy to provide the patient with superior glycemic outcomes and/or more desirable side effect profiles.

Compounds with extended duration of action at the GIP receptor are desirable to allow for less frequent dosing of the compound.

Accordingly, embodiment 1 is a compound of Formula I

Z₁X₁X₂EGTX₆ISDYSIX₁₃LDX₁₆X₁₇X₁₈QX₂₀X₂₁X₂₂VX₂₄X₂₅X₂₆LX₂₈X₂₉GPSSGAPPPSZ₂ (SEQ ID NO:4) wherein:

-   -   Z₁ is a modification of the N-terminal amino group wherein the         modification is selected from the group consisting of acetyl and         absent;     -   X₁ is selected from the group consisting of Y and D-Tyr;     -   X₂ is selected from the group consisting of Aib, A, and D-Ala;     -   X₆ is selected from the group consisting of F, αMeF, Iva, L,         αMeL, and αMeF(2F);     -   X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of αMeL, A, L, and         Aib;     -   X₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of K, E, and Orn;     -   X₁₇ is selected from the group consisting of I and         K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H;     -   X₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, A, and     -   X₂₀ is selected from the group consisting of Aib and Q;     -   X₂₁ is selected from the group consisting of D and E;     -   X₂₂ is selected from the group consisting of F and αMeF;     -   X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E, N, Q, and D-Glu;     -   X₂₅ is selected from the group consisting of Y, 4-Pal, W, and         αMeY;     -   X₂₆ is selected from the group consisting of L and         K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H;     -   X₂₈ is selected from the group consisting of E and A;     -   X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G, A, Q, and T; q         is selected from the group consisting of 16 and 18; and     -   Z₂ is absent or a modification of the C-terminal group, wherein         the modification is amidation;     -   wherein one and only one selected from X₁₇ and X₂₆ is         K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

An embodiment 2 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein Z₁ is absent and X₁ is Y.

An embodiment 3 provides a compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 or embodiment 2 wherein X₂ is Aib.

An embodiment 4 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 3 wherein:

X₆ is selected from the group consisting of F and αMeF(2F).

An embodiment 5 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 4 wherein:

X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of L and αMeL.

An embodiment 6 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 5 wherein X₁₆ is K or Orn.

An embodiment 7 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 6 wherein X₁₆ is K.

An embodiment 8 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 7 wherein X₁₈ is H.

An embodiment 9 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 8 wherein X₂₀ is Aib; and X₂₂ is F.

An embodiment 10 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed of any one of embodiments 1 to 9 wherein X₂₁ is D.

An embodiment 11 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 10 wherein X₂₅ is 4-Pal or Y.

An embodiment 12 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 11 wherein:

X₁₇ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; and

X₂₆ is L.

An embodiment 13 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 11 wherein:

X₁₇ is I; and

X₂₆ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H.

An embodiment 14 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 13 wherein q is 16.

An embodiment 15 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of any one of embodiments 1 to 13 wherein q is 18.

An embodiment 16 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein: Z₁ is absent;

X₁ is Y;

X₂ is selected from the group consisting of Aib and D-Ala, X₆ is F;

X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of αMeL and L;

X₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of K and Orn;

X₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H and A;

X₂₀ is Aib;

X₂₂ is F;

X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E, N, and D-Glu;

X₂₅ is selected from the group consisting of Y, 4-Pal, and W;

X₂₈ is selected from the group consisting of E and A;

X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G, A, and Q; and q is selected from the group consisting of 16 and 18.

An embodiment 17 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 16 wherein:

Z₁ is absent;

X₂ is Aib;

X₁₃ is αMeL;

X₁₈ is H;

X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E and D-Glu;

X₂₅ is selected from the group consisting of Y and 4-Pal;

X₂₈ is E;

X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G and A.

An embodiment 18 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 17 wherein: X₁₇ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; and

X₂₆ is L.

An embodiment 19 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 17 wherein: X₁₇ is I; and X₂₆ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H.

An embodiment 20 provides a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO: 10, and SEQ ID NO:11.

An embodiment 21 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:5. An embodiment 22 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:6. An embodiment 23 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:7. An embodiment 24 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:8. An embodiment 25 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:9. An embodiment 26 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:10. An embodiment 27 provides a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of embodiment 1 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:11.

An embodiment provides a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An embodiment provides a method of treating a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An embodiment provides a method for providing therapeutic weight loss comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. An embodiment is a method of treating T2DM comprising administering to a subject in need thereof, and effective amount of a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

An embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; for use in therapy. An embodiment provides a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy to treat a condition selected from the group consisting of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. An embodiment provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy to treat a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In an embodiment, the condition is T2DM. In an embodiment, the condition is obesity. In an embodiment, the condition is type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In an embodiment, the condition is diabetes in a patient receiving insulin therapy. In an embodiment, the condition is metabolic syndrome.

The compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be useful in the treatment of a variety of symptoms or disorders. For example, certain embodiments provide a method for treatment of T2DM in a patient comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an embodiment is a method for treatment of obesity in a patient comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an embodiment, the method is inducing non-therapeutic weight loss in a subject, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treatment of metabolic syndrome in a patient comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In an embodiment, the method is treatment of diabetes in a patient receiving insulin treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Also provided herein is a compound of the present invention for use in simultaneous, separate and sequential combinations with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, a growth differentiation factor 15 modulator (“GDF15”), a peptide tyrosine tyrosine modulator (“PYY”), a modified insulin, amylin, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, and an oxyntomodulin agonist (“OW”) in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Also provided herein is a compound of the present invention for use in simultaneous, separate, and sequential combinations with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor, a growth differentiation factor 15 modulator (“GDF15”), a peptide tyrosine tyrosine analog (“PYY”), a modified insulin, an amylin receptor agonist, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, a modified urocortin-2 (UCN-2) analog, a glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, a glucagon receptor agonist, and a dual GLP-1-glucagon receptor agonist including oxyntomodulin and analogs thereof, in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In an embodiment, a compound of the present invention is provided in a fixed dose combination with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a SGLT-2 inhibitor, GDF15, PYY, a modified insulin, amylin, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, and OXM. In an embodiment, a compound of the present invention is provided in a fixed dose combination with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a SGLT-2 inhibitor, GDF15, a PYY analog, a modified insulin, an amylin receptor agonist, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, a modified urocortin-2 (UCN-2) analog, a glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, a glucagon receptor agonist, and a dual GLP-1-glucagon receptor agonist including OXM and analogs thereof. In an embodiment is a compound of the present invention for use in simultaneous, separate and sequential combinations with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a SGLT-2 inhibitor, GDF15, PYY, a modified insulin, amylin, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, and OXM in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM and obesity. In an embodiment is a compound of the present invention for use in simultaneous, separate and sequential combinations with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, a SGLT-2 inhibitor, GDF15, a PYY analog, a modified insulin, an amylin receptor agonist, a dual amylin-calcitonin receptor agonist, a modified urocortin-2 (UCN-2) analog, a glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-I) receptor agonist, a glucagon receptor agonist, and a dual GLP-I glucagon receptor agonist including OXM and analogs of, in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM and obesity. In an embodiment is a compound of the present invention for use in simultaneous, separate and sequential combinations with one or more agents selected from metformin, a thiazolidinedione, a sulfonylurea, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, and a SGLT-2 inhibitor in the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM and obesity.

In an embodiment is a method for treating diabetes in a patient receiving insulin therapy, comprising administering an effective amount of a Compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to a patient in need thereof. An embodiment is treatment to a patient administered insulin therapy for T1DM. An embodiment is treatment to patient administered insulin therapy for T2DM. An embodiment is once weekly dosing. An embodiment is subcutaneous treatment once weekly to a patient administered insulin therapy. An embodiment exists wherein the insulin therapy comprises basal insulin therapy. An embodiment exists wherein the insulin therapy comprises mealtime insulin therapy. An embodiment exists wherein the insulin therapy comprises ultra-rapid insulin therapy. Insulin therapy administered with acute infusions of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may enhance glucagon excursion in patients undergoing hypoglycemic clamp, thus enhancing the body's natural defense against hypoglycemia. A compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, can be dosed once weekly independent of the type of insulin used or doses of insulin used. An embodiment is a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, administered as an effective amount to a patient receiving insulin therapy, independent of the type of insulin used or doses of insulin used. An embodiment is a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, dosed once weekly as an effective amount to a patient receiving insulin therapy independent of the type of insulin used or doses of insulin used. As used herein “insulin therapy” means treatment of a patient with diabetes using an approved insulin treatment. Such insulin therapy is known to the skilled artisan and/or clinical health care professional. For example, insulin therapy may comprise treatment using basal insulin. Such basal insulin “insulin therapy” may be used in a dosing regimen with mealtime insulin and/or ultra-rapid insulin. As used herein, “mealtime insulin” means insulin and/or modified insulin to be administered with meals, for example, but not limited to, insulin lispro. As used herein, “basal insulin” means modified insulin with a longer duration of action, such as, for example, but not limited to, insulin glargine.

Another embodiment provides the use of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of T2DM, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. An embodiment provides the use of a compound of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a condition selected from the group consisting of diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In an embodiment, the medicament is for the treatment of T2DM. In an embodiment, the medicament is for the treatment of obesity. In an embodiment, the medicament s for use in the treatment of diabetes in a patient receiving insulin therapy.

Another embodiment provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one selected from the group consisting of a carrier, diluent, and excipient. In an embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition for subcutaneous administration is provided.

As used herein, the term “treating” or “to treat” includes restraining, slowing, stopping, or reversing the progression or severity of a symptom, condition, or disorder.

Certain compounds of the present invention are generally effective over a wide dosage range. For example, dosages for once weekly parenteral dosing may fall within the range of 0.05 mg to about 60 mg per person per week.

The compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, include novel amino acid sequences having affinity for the GIP receptor, with desired potency at the receptor. GIP is a 42 amino acid peptide (SEQ ID NO:1), which, like GLP-1, is known as an incretin, and it plays a physiological role in glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells in the presence of glucose.

GLP-1 is a 36 amino acid peptide, the major biologically active fragment of which is produced as a 30-amino acid, C-terminal amidated peptide (GLP-17-36) (SEQ ID NO:2).

Glucagon is a 29-amino acid peptide hormone (SEQ ID NO:3) secreted by α-cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas and is involved in glucose homeostasis.

The compounds of present invention provide desired potency at the GIP receptor with high degree of selectivity against the GLP-1R and the Glucagon receptor. In an embodiment, compounds have desired GIP receptor activity with extended duration of action.

As used herein the term “amino acid” means both naturally occurring amino acids and unnatural amino acids. The amino acids are typically depicted using standard one letter codes (e.g., L=leucine), as well as alpha-methyl substituted residues of natural amino acids (e.g., α-methyl leucine, or αMeL, and α-methyl phenylalanine, or αMeF) and certain other unnatural amino acids, such as alpha-amino isobutyric acid, or “Aib,” “4Pal,” “Orn,” and the like. The structures of these amino acids appear below:

As used herein, “Orn” means L-ornithine. As used herein, “4Pal” means 3-(4-Pyridyl)-L-alanine. As used herein, “αMeF(2F)” means alpha-methyl 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine. As used herein, “αMeY” and “αMeL” mean alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine and alpha-methyl-L-leucine, respectively. As used herein, “e” and “D-Glu” mean D-glutamic acid. As used herein, “D-Tyr” and “y” each mean D-tyrosine. As used herein, “D-Ala” and “a” each mean D-alanine. As used herein, “αMeF” means alpha-methyl-F and alpha-methyl-Phe. As used herein “Iva” means L-isovaline.

In an embodiment, the conjugation is an acylation. In an embodiment, the conjugation is to the epsilon-amino group of the K side-chain. In an embodiment of the compounds of the present invention, a fatty acid moiety is conjugated, via a linker, to a K at position 17. In an embodiment of the compounds of the present invention, a fatty acid moiety is conjugated, via a linker, to a K at position 26.

In an embodiment, q is selected from the group consisting of 16 and 18. In an embodiment, q is 16. In an embodiment, q is 18.

When used herein in reference to the GIP receptor the terms “activity,” “activate[s]” “activat[ing]” and the like refers to the capacity of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to bind to and induce a response at the receptor, as measured using assays known in the art, such as the in vitro assays described below.

The affinity of compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the GIP receptor may be measured using techniques known for measuring receptor binding levels in the art, including, for example, those described in the examples below, and is commonly expressed as a K_(i) value. The activity of the compounds of the present invention at the GIP receptor may also be measured using techniques known in the art, including for example the in vitro activity assays described below, and is commonly expressed as an EC₅₀ value, which is the concentration of compound causing half-maximal simulation in a dose response curve.

In addition, data is provided for each compound for activity and affinity at the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors, to demonstrate the degree of selectivity of the compounds of the present invention for the GIPR.

In an embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of a compound of Formula I is suitable for administration by a parenteral route (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, or transdermal). Some pharmaceutical compositions and processes for preparing same are well known in the art. (See, e.g., Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (D. B. Troy, Editor, 21st Edition, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2006)).

Compounds of the present invention may react with any of a number of inorganic and organic acids/bases to form pharmaceutically acceptable acid/base addition salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts and common methodology for preparing them are well known in the art. (See, e.g., P. Stahl, et al. Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts: Properties, Selection and Use, 2nd Revised Edition (Wiley-VCH, 2011)). Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention include, but are not limited to, sodium, trifluoroacetate, hydrochloride, ammonium, and acetate salts. In an embodiment, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt is selected from the group consisting of sodium, hydrochloride, and acetate salts.

The present invention also encompasses novel intermediates and processes useful for the synthesis of compounds of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The intermediates and compounds of the present invention may be prepared by a variety of procedures known in the art. In particular, the Examples below describe a process using chemical synthesis. The specific synthetic steps for each of the routes described may be combined in different ways to prepare compounds of the present invention. The reagents and starting materials are readily available to one of ordinary skill in the art.

When used herein, the term “effective amount” refers to the amount or dose of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which, upon single or multiple dose administration to the patient, provides the desired effect in the patient under diagnosis or treatment. An effective amount can be determined by a person of skill in the art using known techniques and by observing results obtained under analogous circumstances. In determining the effective amount for a subject, a number of factors are considered, including, but not limited to: the species of mammal; its size, age, and general health; the specific disease or disorder involved; the degree of or involvement or the severity of the disease or disorder; the response of the individual patient; the particular compound administered; the mode of administration; the bioavailability characteristics of the preparation administered; the dose regimen selected; the use of concomitant medication; and other relevant circumstances.

When used herein, the term “subject in need thereof” refers to a mammal, preferably a human, with a disease or condition requiring treatment or therapy, including for example those listed in the preceding paragraphs.

As used herein, “EDTA” means ethylenediatninetetraacetic acid. As used herein; “DMSO” means dimethyl sulfoxide. As used herein, “CPM” means counts per minute. As used herein, “IBMX” means 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. As used herein, “LC/NIS” means liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. As used herein, “HTRF” means homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence. As used herein, “DMF” refers to N,N-dimethylformamide. As used herein, “DCM” refers to dichloromethane. As used herein, “TFA” refers to trifluoroacetic acid. As used herein, “TFA salt” refers to trifluoroacetate salt. As used herein, “RP HPLC” means reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography.

The invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not to be construed as limiting.

PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS Example 1 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)AQ-Aib-DFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:5)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:5 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues D-Ala2, K17, Aib20, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The peptide backbone of Example 1 is synthesized using fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc)/tert-butyl (t-Bu) chemistry on a Symphony multiplex peptide synthesizer (Gyros Protein Technologies. Tucson, Ariz.; 3.3.0.1), software version 3.3.0.

The resin consists of aminomethyl polystyrene functionalized with a Rink Amide linker (polystyrene AM RAM, RAPP polymeric GmbH, H40023, 200-400 mesh) at a substitution of 0.8 mmol/g, Standard side-chain protecting groups are used with the following exceptions: Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH, where Mtt is 4-methyltrityl, is used for the lysine at position 17 and Boc-Tyr(t-Bu)-OH is used for the tyrosine at position 1, Fmoc groups are removed prior to each coupling step (2×10 minutes) using 20% piperidine in DMF. All standard amino acid couplings are performed using an equal molar ratio of Fmoc amino acid (0.3 M in DMF), diisopropylcarbodiimide (0.9 M in DCM) and Oxyma (0.9 Min DMF) at a 9-fold molar excess over the theoretical peptide loading. Couplings are allowed to proceed for 1.5 hours, with the following exceptions: coupling of valine, 3 hours; coupling of Ca-methylated amino acids, 6 hours; coupling to Ca-methylated amino acids, 6-10 hours. After completion of the synthesis of the peptide backbone, the resin is thoroughly washed with DCM to remove residual DMF. The Mtt protecting group on the lysine at position 17 is selectively removed from the peptide resin using three treatments of 30% hexafluoroisopropanol (Oakwood Chemicals) in DCM (3×20-minute treatment), and the resin is thoroughly washed with DCM and DMF.

Subsequent attachment of the fatty acid-linker moiety is accomplished by coupling of 2-[2-(2-Fmoc-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetic acid (Fmoc-AEEA-OH, ChemPep, Inc.) and Fmoc-glutamic acid α-t-butyl ester (Fmoc-Glu-OtBu, Ark Pharm, Inc.) following the procedures described above for standard coupling and deprotection reactions. After removal of the final Fmoc protecting group, mono-OtBu-eicosanedioic acid (WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China) is coupled for 1 hour using a 4-fold excess of the diacid, PyBOP, and diisopropylethylamine (1:1:1 mol/mol/mol) in 1:1 DCM/DMF.

After the synthesis is complete, the peptide-resin is washed with DCM and then thoroughly dried over vacuum. The dry peptide-resin is treated with cleavage cocktail (10 mL TFA, 0.5 mL triisopropylsilane, 0.5 mL water, and 0.5 mL 1,2-ethanedithiol) for 2 hours at room temperature. The peptide resin solution is filtered into a 50-mL conical centrifuge tube and treated with 5-fold excess volume of cold diethyl ether (−20° C.) to precipitate the crude peptide. The peptide/ether suspension is centrifuged at 3000 rcf for 1.5 min, to form a solid pellet and the supernatant is decanted. The pellet is washed further two times with cold diethyl ether, centrifuging for 1 min. each time, then dried in vacuo. The crude peptide is solubilized in 20% acetic acid/80% water and purified by RP-HPLC on a SymmetryPrep 7 μm C18 preparative column (18×300 mm, Waters) with linear gradients of 100% acetonitrile and 0.1% TEA/water buffer system (25-45% acetonitrile in 65 min). The purity of peptide is assessed using analytical RP-HPLC and pooling criteria is >95%, The main pool purity of compound of example 1 is found to be 96.8%. Subsequent lyophilization of the final main product pool yielded the lyophilized peptide TFA salt. The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1638.4; Calculated [M+3H]³⁺=1638.53; Found MW (avg)=4912.2; Calc. MW (avg): 4912.58).

Example 2 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-Aib-DFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂(SEQ ID NO:6)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:6 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues D-Ala2, K17, Aib20, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:6 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1, where instead the protected diacid is mono-OtBu-octadecanedioic acid (WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China). The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1629.15; Calc. [M+3H]³⁺=1629.18; Found MW (avg)=4884.45; Calc. MW (avg)=4884.53).

Example 3 Y-Aib-EGTFISDYSI-αMeL-LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-Aib-DFVE-4-Pal-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:7)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:7 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues Aib2, αMeL13, K17, Aib20, 4-Pal25, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:7 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1. The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1662.52; Calc. [M 3H]³⁺=1662.55; Found MW (avg)=4984.55; Calc. MW (avg)=4984.64).

Example 4 Y-Aib-EGTFISDYSI-αMeL-LD-Orn-K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-Aib-DFVE-4-Pal-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:8)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:8 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues Aib2, αMeL13, Orn16, K17, Aib20, 4-Pal25, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:8 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1. The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1657.82; Calc. [M+3H]³⁺=1657.87; Found MW (avg)=4970.46; Calc. MW (avg)=4970.62).

Example 5 Y-Aib-EGTFISDYSI-αMeL-LDKIHQ-Aib-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ (SEQ ID NO:9)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:9 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues Aib2, αMeL13, Aib20, K26, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:9 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1, where Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH is used for the lysine at position 26 rather than at position 17. The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1662.8; Calc. [M+3H]³⁺=1662.88; Found MW (avg)=4985.4; Calc. MW (avg)=4985.63).

Example 6 Y-Aib-EGTFISDYSI-αMeL-LD-Orn-IHQ-Aib-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂(SEQ ID NO:10)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:10 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues Aib2, αMeL13, Orn16, Aib20, K26, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:10 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1, where Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH is used for the lysine at position 26 rather than at position 17. The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1658.1; Calc. [M+3H]³⁺=1658.20; Found: MW (avg)=4971.3; Calc. MW (avg)=4971.6).

Example 7 Y-Aib-EGTFISDYSI-αMeL-LD-Orn-IHQ-Aib-EFV-(D-Glu)-YK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂(SEQ ID NO:11)

The structure of SEQ ID NO:11 is depicted below using the standard single letter amino acid codes with the exceptions of residues Aib2, αMeL13, Orn16, Aib20, D-Glu24, K26, and Ser39, where the structures of these amino acid residues have been expanded:

The compound according to SEQ ID NO:11 is prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1, where Fmoc-Lys(Mtt)-OH is used for the lysine at position 26 rather than at position 17 and the protected diacid is mono-OtBu octadecanedioic acid (WuXi AppTec, Shanghai, China). The molecular weight is determined by LC/MS (Found: [M+3H]³⁺=1653.4; Calc. [M+3H]³⁺=1653.52; Found MW (avg)=4957.2; Calc. MW (avg)=4957.57).

The compounds according to Example 8 (SEQ ID NO:12) through Example 122 (SEQ ID NO:126) are prepared substantially as described by the procedures of Example 1.

Found SEQ Calculated (avg Example ID NO Compound Name (avg) MW mw 8 12 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4926.61 4926.6 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- DFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 9 13 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4978.64 4978.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 10 14 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4950.59 4950.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQQDFVNWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 11 15 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4955.61 4955.2 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)AQQDFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 12 16 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4884.53 4884.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)AQQDFVNWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 13 17 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 5035.7 5035.2 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQQEFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 14 18 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 5036.68 5036.8 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQQDFVEWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 15 19 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4998.63 4998.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQQDFVNYLLAQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 16 20 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4899.54 4899.3 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- DFVEWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 17 21 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4942.56 4941.9 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- DFVNWLLEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 18 22 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4846.48 4846.5 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)-DFVN-(4- Pal)-LLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 19 23 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4813.45 4813.2 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- DFVNWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 20 24 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4898.55 4898.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- EFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 21 25 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2- 4828.42 4827.9 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4- Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 22 26 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4870.5 4870.5 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4- Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 23 27 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4842.45 4842.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 24 28 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(Aib)-LDKK((2-[2- 4842.45 4842.3 (2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 25 29 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4907.56 4907.1 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 26 30 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4925.56 4925.4 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 27 31 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4841.5 4841.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- EFVQWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 28 32 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4885.51 4885.2 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- EFVNWLLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 29 33 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4842.49 4842.45 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- EFVEWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 30 34 Acetyl-(D-Tyr)-AEGT-αMeF(2F)- 4902.47 4902.0 ISDYSIALDKK ((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNYLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 31 35 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4884.53 4884.6 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVNYLLAAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 32 36 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTLISDYSILLDKK((2-[2-(2- 4850.51 4850.4 Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)AQ-(Aib)- DFVNWLLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 33 37 Acetyl-(D-Tyr)-AEGT-αMeF(2F)- 4988.56 4988.1 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 34 38 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4946.57 4946.4 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNYLLATGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 35 39 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeL)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4894.56 4894.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVNYLLATGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 36 40 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 5005.59 5005.8 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 37 41 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4961.54 4961.4 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 38 42 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4990.58 4990.2 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- LLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 39 43 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4946.53 4946.4 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- LLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 40 44 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 5028.63 5028.6 ISDYSIALDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEWLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 41 45 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4972.59 4972.5 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 42 46 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4999.61 4999.8 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 43 47 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4942.56 4942.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 44 48 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKK((2- 4928.54 4928.1 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 45 49 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5014.67 5014.65 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 46 50 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5041.69 5041.35 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 47 51 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4970.62 4970.4 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 48 52 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4912.58 4912.8 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 49 53 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4884.51 4884.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 50 54 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4926.61 4926.9 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 51 55 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4944.6 4944.6 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 52 56 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4926.61 4926.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-EFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 53 57 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4927.59 4927.5 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 54 58 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4950.63 4950.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEWLLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 55 59 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4864.54 4864.8 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 56 60 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4926.61 4926.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-D- (αMeF)-VE-(4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 57 61 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4997.69 4997.5 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-EFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 58 62 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4970.66 4970.4 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-EFVE- (4-Pal)-LLATGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 59 63 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4940.63 4940.4 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-EFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 60 64 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 5011.71 5011.5 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-EFVE-(4-Pal)-LLAQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 61 65 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4984.69 4984.8 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-EFVE-(4-Pal)-LLATGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 62 66 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4954.66 4954.2 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-EFVE-(4-Pal)-LLAAGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 63 67 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5070.73 5070.9 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVEYLLEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 64 68 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5043.71 5043.9 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVEYLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 65 69 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5013.68 5013.9 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVEYLLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 66 70 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5029.68 5029.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 67 71 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5056.71 5056.8 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 68 72 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4999.65 4999.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 69 73 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4985.63 4985.7 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 70 74 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4956.63 4956.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLATGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 71 75 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5052.72 5052.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- DFVEWLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 72 76 Y-(Aib)-EGTLISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5009.69 5009.7 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVEYLLETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 73 77 Y-(Aib)-EGTLISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4965.64 4965.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)- EFVEYLLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 74 78 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4922.57 4922.4 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 75 79 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4966.63 4966.8 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLETGPSSGAPPP5- NH₂ 76 80 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD- 4908.55 4908.6 (Orn)-K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 77 81 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD- 4952.6 4952.4 (Orn)-K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLETGPSSGAPPP5- NH₂ 78 82 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4926.61 4926.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 79 83 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4983.66 4983.3 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 80 84 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 5000.64 5000.4 K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLETGPSSGAPPP5- NH₂ 81 85 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 5027.67 5027.7 K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEQGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 82 86 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4956.59 4956.45 K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 83 87 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDEK((2- 4957.57 4957.8 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLATGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 84 88 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDEK((2- 4984.6 4984.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 85 89 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDEK((2- 4927.55 4927.2 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 86 90 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDEK((2- 4913.52 4913.1 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 87 91 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4942.56 4942.8 K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 88 92 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(Iva)-ISDYSI-(αMeL)- 4936.6 4936.2 LDKK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ- (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 89 93 Y-(Aib)-EGTLISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4950.63 4950.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (4-Pal)-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 90 94 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 5013.64 5013.6 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (αMeY)-LLEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 91 95 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKK((2- 4999.61 4999.5 [2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)HQ-(Aib)-DFVE- (αMeY)-LLEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 92 96 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIHQ- 5056.71 5057.1 (Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 93 97 Y-(D-Ala)-EGTFISDYSILLDKIAQ-(Aib)- 4884.53 4884.3 DFVNWK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆— CO₂H)LAQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 94 98 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4874.46 4874.4 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-EFVNYK((2-[2- (2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₆— CO₂H)LAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 95 99 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4960.55 4960.8 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-EFVNYK((2-[2- (2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 96 100 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)- 4870.5 4870.2 EFVNYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 97 101 Y-(Aib)-EGT-(αMeF)-ISDYSIALDKIHQ- 4884.53 4884.6 (Aib)-EFVNYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 98 102 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4902.52 4902.15 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-EFVNYK((2-[2- (2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LAGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 99 103 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4961.54 4961.4 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2- (2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂(γ- Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 100 104 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIHQ- 4984.64 4984.2 (Aib)-EFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 101 105 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4971.6 4971.75 IHQ-(Aib)-DFV-(D-Glu)-YK((2-[2-(2- Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 102 106 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4985.63 4985.1 IHQ-(Aib)-EFV-(D-Glu)-YK((2-[2-(2- Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 103 107 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4943.55 4943.4 IHQ-(Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 104 108 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4999.65 4999.2 IHQ-(Aib)-EFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 105 109 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 5029.68 5029.2 IHQ-(Aib)-EFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LETGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 106 110 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 5056.71 5056.8 IHQ-(Aib)-EFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 107 111 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4985.63 4985.4 IHQ-(Aib)-EFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 108 112 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4956.59 4956.3 IHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2- Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 109 113 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIHQ- 4970.62 4970.4 (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 110 114 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIHQ- 4942.56 4942.2 (Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 111 115 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4928.54 4928.4 IHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2- Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₆—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂ 112 116 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4946.53 4946.4 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 113 117 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4960.55 4960.8 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H) LEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 114 118 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 5017.6 5017.2 ISDYSIALDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H) LEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 115 119 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIRQ- 5004.63 5004.6 (Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 116 120 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4990.61 4990.2 IRQ-(Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino- ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO— (CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 117 121 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIHQ- 4999.65 4999.8 (Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 118 122 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LDKIRQ- 5018.66 5018.4 (Aib)-DFVEYK((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)- ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 119 123 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 4988.57 4988.4 ISDYSILLDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEGGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 120 124 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 5002.59 5002.5 ISDYSILLDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEAGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 121 125 Y-(Aib)-EGT-αMeF(2F)- 5059.64 5059.8 ISDYSILLDKIHQ-(Aib)-DFVE-(4-Pal)- K((2-[2-(2-Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]- acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)₁₈— CO₂H)LEQGPSSGAPPPS-NH₂ 122 126 Y-(Aib)-EGTFISDYSI-(αMeL)-LD-(Orn)- 4984.64 4984.80 IHQ-(Aib)-EFVE-(4-Pal)-K((2-[2-(2- Amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)- CO—(CH₂)₁₈—CO₂H)LEAGPSSGAPPPS- NH₂

Binding Assays

Glucagon (referred to as Gcg or hGcg) is a Reference Standard prepared at Eli Lilly and Company. GLP-1(7-36)-NH₂ (referred to as GLP-1 or hGLP-1) is obtained from CPC Scientific (Sunnyvale, Calif., 97.2% purity, 100 μM aliquots in 100% DMSO). GIP(1-42)-NH₂ (referred to as GIP) is prepared at Lilly Research Laboratories using peptide synthesis and HPLC chromatography as described above (>80% purity, 100 μM aliquots in 100% DMSO). [¹²1]-radiolabeled Gcg, GLP-1, or GIP is prepared using [¹²⁵I]-lactoperoxidase and obtained from Perkin Elmer (Boston, Mass.).

Stably transfected cell lines are prepared by subcloning receptor cDNA into a pcDNA3 expression plasmid and transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 (hGcgR and hGLP-1R) or Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) (hGIPR) cells followed by selection with Geneticin (hGLP-1R and hGIPR) or hygromycin B (hGcgR).

Two methods are used for the preparation of crude cell membranes.

Method 1:

Frozen cell pellets are lysed on ice in hypotonic buffer containing 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, and Roche Complete™ Protease Inhibitors with EDTA. The cell suspension is disrupted using a glass Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer fitted with a Teflon® pestle for 25 strokes. The homogenate is centrifuged at 4° C. at 1100×g for 10 minutes. The supernatant is collected and stored on ice while the pellets are resuspended in homogenization buffer and rehomogenized as described above. The homogenate is centrifuged at 1100×g for 10 minutes. The second supernatant is combined with the first supernatant and centrifuged at 35000×g for 1 hour at 4° C. The resulting membrane pellet is resuspended in homogenization buffer containing protease inhibitors at approximately 1 to 3 mg/mL, quick frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored as aliquots in a −80° C. freezer until use.

Method 2:

Frozen cell pellets are lysed on ice in hypotonic buffer containing 50 mM Tris HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl₂, Roche Complete™ EDTA-free Protease Inhibitors and 25 units/mL DNAse I (Invitrogen). The cell suspension is disrupted using a glass Potter-Elvehjem homogenizer fitted with a Teflon® pestle for 20 to 25 strokes. The homogenate is centrifuged at 4° C. at 1800×g for 15 minutes. The supernatant is collected and stored on ice while the pellets are resuspended in homogenization buffer (without DNAse I) and rehomogenized as described above. The homogenate is centrifuged at 1800×g for 15 minutes. The second supernatant is combined with the first supernatant and centrifuged an additional time at 1800×g for 15 minutes. The overall supernatant is then centrifuged at 25000×g for 30 minutes at 4° C. The resulting membrane pellet is resuspended in homogenization buffer (without DNAse I) containing protease inhibitors at approximately 1 to 3 mg/mL and stored as aliquots in a −80° C. freezer until use.

Binding Determination Methods

The equilibrium binding dissociation constants (K_(d)) for the various receptor/radioligand interactions are determined from homologous competition binding analysis instead of saturation binding due to high propanol content in the [¹²⁵I] stock material. The K_(d) values determined for the receptor preparations were as follows: hGcgR (3.9 nM), hGLP-1R (1.2 nM) and hGIPR (0.14 nM).

[¹²⁵I]-Glucagon Binding

The human Gcg receptor binding assays are performed using a Scintillation Proximity Assay (SPA) format with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) beads (Perkin Elmer). The binding buffer contains 25 mM 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), pH 7.4, 2.5 mM CaCl₂), 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% (w/v) bacitracin (Research Products), 0.003% (w/v) Polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (TWEEN®-20), and Roche Complete™ Protease Inhibitors without EDTA. Peptides and Gcg are thawed and 3-fold serially diluted in 100% DMSO (10 point concentration response curves). Next, 5 μL serially diluted compound or DMSO is transferred into Corning® 3632 clear bottom assay plates containing 45 μL assay binding buffer or unlabeled Gcg control (non-specific binding or NSB, at 1 μM final). Then, 50 μL [¹²⁵I]-Gcg (0.15 nM final), 50 μL human GcgR membranes (1.5 μg/well) and 50 μL of WGA SPA beads (80 to 150 μg/well) are added with a Biotek Multiflo dispenser. Plates are sealed and mixed on a plate shaker (setting 6) for 1 minute and read with a PerkinElmer Trilux MicroBeta® scintillation counter after 12 hours of incubation/settling time at room temperature. Final assay concentration ranges for peptides tested in response curves is typically 1150 nM to 0.058 nM and for the control Gcg from 1000 nM to 0.05 nM.

[¹²⁵I]-GLP-1 Binding

The human GLP-1 receptor binding assay is performed using an SPA format with WGA beads. The binding buffer contains 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% (w/v) bacitracin, 0.003% (w/v) TWEEN®-20, and Roche Complete™ Protease Inhibitors without EDTA. Peptides and GLP-1 are thawed and 3-fold serially diluted in 100% DMSO (10 point concentration response curves). Next, 5 serially diluted compound or DMSO is transferred into Corning® 3632 clear bottom assay plates containing 45 μL assay binding buffer or unlabeled GLP-1 control (non-specific binding or NSB, at 0.25 μM final). Then, 50 μL [¹²⁵I]-GLP-1 (0.15 nM final), 50 μL human GLP-1R membranes (0.5 μg/well and 50 μL of WGA SPA beads (100 to 150 μg/well) are added with a Biotek Multiflo dispenser. Plates are sealed and mixed on a plate shaker (setting 6) for 1 minute and read with a PerkinElmer Trilux MicroBeta® scintillation counter after 5 to 12 hours of incubation/settling time at room temperature. Final assay concentration ranges for peptides tested in response curves are typically 1150 nM to 0.058 nM and for the control GLP-1, 250 nM to 0.013 nM.

[¹²⁵I]-GIP Binding

The human GIP receptor binding assay is performed using an SPA format with WGA beads. The binding buffer contains 25 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, 2.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% (w/v) bacitracin, 0.003% (w/v) TWEEN®-20, and Roche Complete™ Protease Inhibitors without EDTA. Peptides and GIP are thawed and 3-fold serially diluted in 100% DMSO (10 point concentration response curves). Next, 5 μL serially diluted compound or DMSO is transferred into Corning® 3632 clear bottom assay plates containing 45 μL assay binding buffer or unlabeled GIP control (non-specific binding or NSB, at 0.25 μM final). Then, 50 μL [¹²⁵I]-GIP (0.075-0.15 nM final), 50 μL human GIPR membranes (3 μg/well) and 50 μL of WGA SPA beads (100 to 150 μg/well) are added with a Biotek Multiflo dispenser. Plates are sealed and mixed on a plate shaker (setting 6) for 1 minute and read with a PerkinElmer Trilux MicroBeta® scintillation counter after 2.5 to 12 hours of incubation/settling time at room temperature. Final assay concentration ranges for peptides tested in response curves is typically 1150 to 0.058 nM or 115 nM to 0.0058 nM and for the control GIP, 250 nM to 0.013 nM.

Binding Assay Data Analysis

Raw CPM data for concentration curves of peptides, Gcg, GLP-1, or GIP are converted to percent inhibition by subtracting nonspecific binding (binding in the presence of excess unlabeled Gcg, GLP-1, or GIP, respectively) from the individual CPM values and dividing by the total binding signal, also corrected by subtracting nonspecific binding. Data are analyzed using four-parameter (curve maximum, curve minimum, 1050, Hill slope) nonlinear regression routines (Genedata Screener, version 12.0.4, Genedata AG, Basal, Switzerland). The affinity constant (K_(i)) is calculated from the absolute 1050 value based upon the equation K_(i)=IC₅₀/(1+D/K_(d)) where D is the concentration of radioligand used in the experiment, 1050 is the concentration causing 50% inhibition of binding and K_(d) is the equilibrium binding dissociation constant of the radioligand (described above). Values for K_(i) are reported as the geometric mean, with error expressed as the standard error of the mean (SEM) and n is equal to the number of independent replicates (determined in assays performed on different days). Geometric Means are calculated as follows:

Geometric Mean=10(Arithmetic Mean of Log Ki Values))

-   -   n=y/x means that only a subset of replicates (y) out of the         total number of replicates (x) is used to express the mean. SEM         is only calculated when y=2 or greater. Means are expressed as         geometric means with the standard error of the mean (SEM) and         the number of replicates (n) indicated in parentheses.

TABLE 1 In vitro Binding Affinity (K_(i)) of indicated Examples and comparator molecules for human GcgR, GIPR, and GLP-1R in the presence of 0.1% bacitracin. hGcgR hGIPR hGLP1R Example or Ki (nM) Ki (nM) Ki (nM) Comparator (SEM, n) (SEM, n) (SEM, n) hGIP-NH₂ 1150 0.125 1100 (18.3, n = 4) (0.00511,  (143, n = 4)  n = 319) hGlucagon 3.05 >2420 >4940 (0.120, n = 457) (n = 3) (n = 5) hGLP-1 (7- >4590 >2300 0.785 36) NH₂ (n = 5) (n = 3) (0.0252, n = 489) 1 228 0.0667 57.8 (46.6, n = 5) (0.0566, n = 5) (16.7, n = 5) 2 379 0.0373 77.9  (218, n = 3) (0.000430, (20.2, n = 3) n = 3)  3 338 0.0525 381  (220, n = 8) (0.0215, n = 8)  (226, n = 8) 4 431 0.0620 423  (253, n = 6) (0.0259, n = 6)  (235, n = 6) 5 619 0.0771 >913  (140, n = 9) (0.0342, n = 9) (n = 9) 6 453 0.104 571  (125, n = 7) (0.0866, n = 7)  (368, n = 7) 7 >961 0.193 >913 (n = 5)  (0.157, n = 5) (n = 5) 8 101 0.027 38.1 9 >230 0.110 168 10 >230 0.159 60.7 11 163 0.0584 85.9 12 134 0.0876 46.8 13 >230 0.237 >213 14 >230 0.460 >213 15 >254 0.471 >236 16 549 0.0438 99.2 17 274 0.0571 106 18 463 0.0331 158 19 335 0.0469 15.2 20 216 0.0477 79.8 21 >1530 1.46 801 22 >1380 0.219 388 23 323 0.0341 251 24 >960 0.254 729 25 101 0.0417 15.8 26 74.1 0.045 16.5 27 401 0.0354 23.2 28 86.8 0.0732 6.46 29 133 0.0569 22.7 30 407 0.037 26.5 31 >959 0.0473 266 32 >959 0.0343 85.2 33 63.5 0.0369 31.2 34 143 0.034 201 35 >960 0.0351 177 36 201 0.0683 393 37 51.4 0.026 83.9 38 182 0.0588 776 (59.8, n = 2) (0.0112, n = 2)  (134, n = 2) 39 76.0 0.0444 235 (19.3, n = 2) (0.00439, n = 2)  (8.34, n = 2) 40 50.9 0.0594 302 41 758 0.143 >906 42 99.1 0.0392 563 43 285 0.0366 605  (121, n = 2) 44 50 0.059 209 45 660 0.0663 >909  (257, n = 3) (0.0241, n = 3) (n = 3) 46 435 0.0319 744 (89.6, n = 3) (0.00724, n = 3)  (58.2, n = 3) 47 175 0.0452 320 (69.7, n = 3) (0.0127, n = 3) (77.8, n = 3) 48 267 0.0498 211 49 >960 0.0512 596 50 23.4 0.0501 34.9 51 26.7 0.0386 54.1 52 114 0.0372 128 53 152 0.0184 62.9 54 386 0.0326 49.9 55 >960 0.0331 262 56 193 0.0487 530 57 422 0.0154 280 58 418 0.0324 459 (1.17, n = 2) (0.00694, n = 2)  (68.3, n = 2) 59 230 0.0148 109 60 26.2 0.0390 51.4 61 80.4 0.0665 135 62 31.3 0.0414 47.6 63 185 0.0248 327 64 196 0.022 477 65 279 0.0316 305 66 279 0.0866 326 68 290 0.0948 421 69 114 0.0406 144 70 857 0.0421 570 71 102 0.0422 347 72 837 0.0594 437 73 292 0.036 117 74 511 0.0287 395 75 >958 0.0626 >902 76 358 0.0293 263 77 >958 0.0841 >905 (n = 2) (0.0207, n = 2) (n = 2) 78 505 0.0236 394 79 888 0.0229 486 80 >958 0.0828 >906 (n = 2) (0.0284, n = 2) (n = 2) 81 699 0.0374 714 (35.4, n = 2) (0.0106, n = 2) (39.8, n = 2) 82 305 0.0617 388  (112, n = 2) (0.00946, n = 2)   (140, n = 2) 83 >958 0.116 452 84 >958 0.0584 325 85 800 0.0529 220 86 462 0.0533 108 87 576 0.0538 849 88 788 0.0830 261 89 611 0.0720 294 (n = 3) (0.0169, n = 4) (72.9, n = 4) 90 112 0.129 102 91 54.4 0.122 37.4 92 >958 0.0331 >902 93 >959 0.0430 >909 94 114 0.0310 >909 95 85.0 0.0255 832 96 >960 0.232 >908 97 77.5 0.0249 570 98 38.4 0.0195 311 99 174 0.0341 >901 100 572 0.0674 >913  (182, n = 4) (0.0265, n = 3) (n = 3) 101 >961 0.139 >913 (n = 2) (0.0585, n = 2) (n = 2) 102 >961 0.164 >913 (n = 3)  (0.113, n = 3) (n = 3) 103 >960 0.0405 >913 104 >960 0.134 >910 105 >960 0.174 >910 106 304 0.0918 >910 107 347 0.0722 >911 108 >960 0.134 >910 109 >960 0.117 >908 110 >960 0.339 >908 111 >960 0.0871 >908 112 257 0.0742 >908 113 821 0.108 >921 (3.12, n = 4) (0.0287, n = 5) (n = 5) 114 >971 0.121 >921 (n = 3) (0.0496, n = 4) (n = 4) 115 373 0.0997 >912 (n = 2) (0.0472, n = 2) (n = 2) 116 178 0.166 >912 (n = 2) (0.0753, n = 2) (n = 2) 117 685 0.0722 591 118 NA 0.0696 >920 119 68.8 0.129 723 (n = 2) (0.0552, n = 2)  (119, n = 2) 120 575 0.171 >912 (n = 2)  (0.231, n = 2) (n = 2) 121 94.9 0.103 >912 (n = 2) (0.0473, n = 2) (n = 2) 122 957 0.0311 >913

As demonstrated in Table 1, examples of the present invention are very potent binders of the human GIPR, and have lower affinity for the GLP-1R and GcgR.

cAMP Pharmacological Functional Assay in Presence of 0.1% Casein

A set of cAMP assays are conducted in HEK293 cells expressing the human GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR), or glucagon receptor (GcgR). Each receptor over-expressing cell line (20 μl) is treated with the test peptide in DMEM (Gibco Cat #31053) supplemented with 0.1% Casein (Sigma Cat #C4765), 250 μM IBMX, 1× GlutaMAX™ (Gibco Cat #35050), and 20 mM HEPES (HyClone Cat #SH30237.01) in a 20 μl assay volume. After incubating for 60 minutes at room temperature, the resulting increase in intracellular cAMP is quantitatively determined using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic 2 HTRF Assay Kit (62AM4PEJ). The Lysis buffer containing cAMP-d2 conjugate (20 μl) and the antibody anti-cAMP-Eu3+-Cryptate (20 μl) are then added to determine the cAMP level. After incubating 60 minutes at room temperature, HTRF signal is detected with an Envision 2104 plate reader (PerkinElmer). Fluorescent emission at 620 nm and at 665 nm is measured and the ratio between 620 nm and at 665 nm is calculated and then are converted to nM cAMP per well using a cAMP standard curve. Dose response curves of compounds are plotted as the percentage of stimulation normalized to minimum (buffer only) and maximum (maximum concentration of each control ligand) values and analyzed using a four parameter non-linear regression fit with a variable slope (Genedata Screener 13). EC50 is the concentration of compound causing half-maximal simulation in a dose response curve. A relative EC₅₀ value is derived by non-linear regression analysis using the percent maximal response vs. the concentration of peptide added, fitted to a four-parameter logistic equation.

Using Homogeneous Time Resolved Fluorescence methods, assays are conducted to determine the intrinsic potency of Example and comparator molecules performed in the presence of casein (instead of serum albumin) as a nonspecific blocker, which does not interact with the fatty acid moieties of the analyzed molecules.

Intracellular cAMP levels are determined by extrapolation using a standard curve. Dose response curves of compounds are plotted as the percentage of stimulation normalized to minimum (buffer only) and maximum (maximum concentration of each control ligand) values and analyzed using a four-parameter non-linear regression fit with a variable slope (Genedata Screener 13). EC₅₀ is the concentration of compound causing half-maximal simulation in a dose response curve. Each relative EC50 value for the geometric mean calculation is determined from a curve fitting.

Concentration response curves of compounds are plotted as the percentage of stimulation normalized to minimum (buffer only) and maximum (maximum concentration of each control ligand) values and analyzed using a four-parameter non-linear regression fit with a variable slope (Genedata Screener 13). EC50 is the concentration of compound causing half-maximal simulation in a dose response curve. The EC₅₀ summary statistics are computed as follows: Geometric mean:

GM=10^((arithmetic mean of log) ¹⁰ ^(transformed EC) ⁵⁰ ^(values)). The standard error of the mean is reported:

SEM=geometric mean×(standard deviation of log₁₀ transformed EC₅₀ values/square root of the # of runs)×log_(e) of 10.

-   -   The log transform accounts for the EC₅₀ values falling on a         multiplicative, rather than an arithmetic scale.

Each time the assay is performed, the test peptides are run plus the native ligands GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon, buffer only as baseline (minimum) and the highest concentration of the respective GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon standard is used as maximum for calculations. For illustration, as shown by Example 1, the peptide is tested in 8 runs of the hGIPR cAMP assay. For avoidance of doubt, hGIP amide, hGLP-1 amide, and glucagon EC50 in Table 2 are illustrative of geometric mean values from a series of 18 assay values, and values will vary each day compared to the zero buffer. Accordingly, each Example will use the geometric mean of those values to normalize the Example assay runs.

TABLE 2 Functional activation of hGcgR, hGIPR, and hGLP-1R in the presence of 0.1% Casein. hGcgR cAMP hGIPR cAMP hGLP1R cAMP Example or Rel EC50 nM Rel EC₅₀ nM Rel EC₅₀ nM Comparator (SEM, n) (SEM, n) (SEM, n) hGIP-NH₂ >5000 0.122 >500 (n = 5) (0.00449, (n = 3) n = 494) hGlucagon 0.0116 9.79 (0.000315, (1.83, n = 3) n = 306) hGLP-1(7-36) >500 0.0549 NH₂ (n = 4) (0.00149, n = 490) 1 575 0.0476 >5000  (369, n = 4) (0.0253, n = 8) (n = 5) 2 608 0.0123 >5000  (n = 11) (0.00751, n = 15)  (n = 11) 3 1250 0.0178 >5000  (398, n = 6) (0.00680, n = 9)  (n = 6) 4 1690 0.0182 >5000 (n = 5) (0.00783, n = 5)  (n = 5) 5 >5000 0.0148 >5000 (n = 5) (0.00434, n = 5)  (n = 5) 6 >5000 0.0176 >5000 (n = 4) (0.00714, n = 14) (n = 4) 7 >5000 0.0219 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00294, n = 2)  (n = 2) 8 295 0.0268 >5000 (62.9, n = 2) (0.000153, (n = 2) n = 3) 9 >5000 0.165 >100 10 >5000 0.611 >100 11 445 0.0738 >100 12 >5000 0.0911 >100 13 >5000 0.129 >100 14 >5000 0.340 >100 15 >5000 0.282 >100 16 >5000 0.00937 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00210, n = 2)  (n = 2) 17 >5000 0.0135 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00227, n = 2)  (n = 2) 18 >5000 0.00656 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00228, n = 2)  (n = 2) 19 >5000 0.00992 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00148, n = 3)  (n = 2) 20 >5000 0.00933 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00112, n = 3)  (n = 2) 21 >5000 0.291 >5000 (n = 3) (0.0766, n = 4) (n = 3) 22 1250 0.0345 >5000  (487, n = 3) (0.00839, n = 4)  (n = 3) 23 >5000 0.0192 206 (n = 5) (0.00529, n = 4)  (13.8, n = 4) 24 >5000 0.0699 >5000 (n = 2) (0.0155, n = 3) (n = 2) 25 >5000 0.0155 8.39 (n = 2) (0.00237, n = 3)  (2.46, n = 4) 26 >5000 0.00991 5.69 (n = 2) (0.00277, n = 2)  (2.48, n = 4) 27 >5000 0.0132 >5000 (n = 2) (0.000266, (n = 2) n = 2) 28 >5000 0.0118 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00124, n = 2)  (n = 2) 29 >5000 0.00679 >5000 (n = 4) (0.00193, n = 4)  (n = 4) 30 >5000 0.00572 >5000 (n = 4) (0.00160, n = 4)  (n = 4) 31 1750 0.0148 >5000  (886, n = 3) (0.00426, n = 3)  (n = 3) 32 >5000 0.00469 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00199, n = 3)  (n = 2) 33 >5000 0.0551 >5000 34 913 0.0177 462  (586, n = 2) (0.00478, n = 2)   (321, n = 2) 35 >5000 0.0125 >5000 36 >5000 0.0543 1080 37 >5000 0.0360 61.1 38 >5000 0.0368 1390 39 >5000 0.0112 3330 40 >5000 0.0330 2330 41 >5000 0.0281 1800 42 >5000 0.0091 815 43 >5000 0.0154 1020 44 >5000 0.0084 1180 45 1690 0.0490 >5000 (n = 2) (0.000420, (n = 2) n = 2) 46 863 0.0294 >5000 (n = 2)  (0.0166, n = 2) (n = 2) 47 757 0.0234 >5000  (492, n = 2) (0.00230, n = 2)  (n = 2) 48 1360 0.0166 >5000 49 2860 0.0156 >5000  (620, n = 6) (0.00569, n = 7)  (n = 6) 50 371.0 0.0212 41.0 51 308.0 0.0166 24.7 52 337.0 0.0194 >5000 53 344 0.0194 >5000  (136, n = 2) (0.00603, n = 3)  (n = 2) 54 >5000 0.0540 >5000 55 >5000 0.0170 >5000 (n = 2) 56 >5000 0.0169 >5000 (n = 2) 57 886 0.0177 >5000  (430, n = 2) (0.00819, n = 3)  (n = 2) 58 >5000 0.0183 >5000 (0.00544, n = 2)  59 >5000 0.0202 >5000 60 >5000 0.0369 71 61 >5000 0.0167 192 62 >5000 0.0116 58.2 63 1170 0.0398 >5000 64 3070 0.0448 >5000 65 850 0.0346 >5000 66 >5000 0.0786 >5000 67 >5000 0.0627 >5000 68 3030 0.0768 >5000 (n = 2) (n = 2) 69 803 0.0302 >5000  (237, n = 2) (0.00976, n = 2)  70 3560 0.0254 >5000 71 581 0.0721 >5000 72 >5000 0.0182 >5000 73 >5000 0.0151 >5000 74 627 0.0167 >5000 75 2170 0.0182 >5000 76 1200 0.0154 >5000 77 2660 0.0265 >5000 78 3000 0.0125 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00185, n = 2)  (n = 2) 79 >5000 0.0316 >5000 80 >5000 0.0777 >5000 (n = 2) (0.0223, n = 2) (n = 2) 81 >5000 0.0282 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00791, n = 2)  (n = 2) 82 3790 0.0391 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00658, n = 2)  (n = 2) 83 >5000 0.0432 >5000 84 >5000 0.0340 >5000 85 >5000 0.0359 >5000 86 >5000 0.0300 >5000 87 >5000 0.0107 >5000 88 1670 0.0031 >5000 89 >5000 0.00687 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00245, n = 2)  (n = 2) 90 >5000 0.0272 >5000 91 289 0.0321 530 92 >5000 0.0191 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00110, n = 2)  (n = 2) 93 >5000 0.00482 884 (n = 2) (0.000315, (n = 2) n = 2) 94 >5000 0.00436 1090 (n = 4) (0.00186, n = 4)   (442, n = 4) 95 >5000 0.0272 >5000 (0.0110, n = 2) 96 >5000 0.0251 >5000 97 >5000 0.0090 2510 98 >5000 0.00718 649 (n = 2) (0.00331, n = 3)   (369, n = 2) 99 >5000 0.00454 >5000 (0.000120, n = 2) 100 >5000 0.0224 >5000 101 >5000 0.0396 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00639, n = 2)  (n = 2) 102 >5000 0.0166 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00337, n = 2)  (n = 2) 103 >5000 0.0129 >5000 (n = 2) (0.00901, n = 2)  (n = 2) 104 >5000 0.0165 >5000 105 >5000 0.0179 >5000 106 >5000 0.0140 >5000 107 >5000 0.0199 >5000 108 >5000 0.0088 >5000 109 >5000 0.0113 >5000 110 >5000 0.0071 >5000 111 >5000 0.0065 >5000 112 >5000 0.0041 >5000 113 >5000 00.0142 >5000 (n = 3) (0.0108, n = 3) (n = 3) 114 >5000 0.0075 >5000 115 >5000 0.0372 >5000 116 >5000 0.0280 >5000 117 >5000 0.0617 >5000 118 >5000 0.0611 >5000 119 >5000 0.0220 >5000 120 >5000 0.0228 >5000 121 >5000 0.0196 >5000 122 >5000 0.0100 >5000

As demonstrated by data in Table 2, Example compounds of the present invention are very potent stimulating cAMP from human GIPR in the presence of 0.1% casein.

In Vivo Studies

Pharmacokinetics in Male Cynomolgus Monkeys

The pharmacokinetics of select Examples are evaluated following a single subcutaneous administration of 50 nmol/kg to male cynomolgus monkeys. Blood samples are collected over 504 hours and resulting individual plasma concentrations are used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters. Peptide plasma (K₃ EDTA) concentrations are determined using a qualified LC/MS method that measured the intact mass of the compound. Each peptide and an analog as an internal standard are extracted from 100% cynomolgus monkey plasma using a protein precipitation method. Instruments are combined for LC/MS detection. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Mean Pharmacokinetic Parameters of peptides Following a Single Subcutaneous Administration of 50 nmol/kg to Male Cynomolgus Monkeys. C_(max)/Dose AUC_(Inf)/Dose T_(1/2) T_(max) (kg*nmol/ (hr*kg*nmol/L/ CL/F Example (hr) (hr) L/nmol) nmol) (mL/hr/kg) 1 71.1 24 7.20 786 1.27 2 51.8 6 6.92 624 1.61 3 88.8 60 12.1 1764 0.57 4 124 6 8.71 1387 0.72 5 128 120 12.0 2262 0.44 6 129 6 7.83 1382 0.77 7 109 9 10.1 1603 0.63 Abbreviations: T_(1/2) = half-life, T_(max) = time to maximal concentration, C_(max)/dose = maximal plasma concentration divided by dose, AUC_(Inf)/Dose = AUC_(Inf) divided by dose, CL/F = clearance/bioavailability. Notes: Data are the mean, where n = 2/group.

As seen in Table 3, results from this study for Example peptides tested are consistent with an extended pharmacokinetic profile.

Pharmacokinetics in Male Sprague Dawley Rats Following Subcutaneous Administration

The pharmacokinetics of select Examples are evaluated following a single subcutaneous (SC) administration of 100 nmol/kg to male Sprague Dawley rats. Blood samples are collected over 168 hours following SC administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters are calculated using individual plasma concentrations. A qualified LC/MS method that measures the intact mass of the Example is used to determine plasma (1(3 EDTA) concentrations. Each peptide and an analog as an internal standard are extracted from 100% rat plasma using a protein precipitation method. Instruments are combined for LC/MS detection. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters for the Examples are shown in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Mean (+/−SD) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of peptides Following a Single Subcutaneous Administration of 100 nmol/kg to Male Sprague Dawley rats. AUC_(Inf)/Dose C_(max)/Dose (hr*kg*nmol/ CL/F Example T_(1/2) (hr) T_(max) (hr) (kg*nmol/L/nmol) L/nmol) (mL/hr/kg) 1 37.4 24 3.62 280 3.57 2 26.9 12 5.47 304 3.30 3 24.9 12 3.03 130 7.67 5 27.1 24 4.61 239 4.20 6 34.8 24 4.07 271 3.69 Abbreviations: T_(1/2) = half-life, T_(max) = time to maximal concentration, C_(max)/Dose = maximal plasma concentration divided by dose, AUC_(Inf)/Dose = AUC_(Inf) divided by dose, CL/F = clearance/bioavailability. Notes: Data are the mean, where n = 3/group, except for example 3, where the data is from n = 1 animal.

As seen in table 4, results from this study using these Example peptides are consistent with an extended pharmacokinetic profile.

In Vivo Effect on Insulin Secretion in Male Wistar Rats

Male Wistar rats with femoral artery and femoral vein canulas (Envigo, Indianapolis, Ind.) (280-320 grams) are single-housed in polycarbonate cages with filter tops. Rats maintained on a 12:12 h light-dark cycle (lights on at 6:00 A.M.) at 21° C. and receive food and deionized water ad libitum. Rats are randomized by body weight and dosed 1.5 mL/kg subcutaneously (s.c.) at doses of 0.3, 1.0, 3, 10, 30, and 100 nmol/kg 16 hours prior to glucose administration then fasted. Animals are weighed and anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital dosed intraperitoneally (i.p.) (65 mg/kg, 30 mg/mL). At time 0, a blood sample is collected into EDTA tubes after which glucose is administered intravenously (i.v.) (0.5 mg/kg, 5 mL/kg). Blood samples are collected for glucose and insulin levels at 2, 4, 6, 10, 20 and 30 min post-intravenous administration of glucose. Plasma glucose levels are determined using a clinical chemistry analyzer. Plasma insulin is determined using an electrochemiluminescence assay (Meso Scale, Gaithersburg, Md.). Glucose and insulin AUC are examined compared to the vehicle control with n=5 animals per group. Results are presented (SEM)(N).

TABLE 5 The effect of Example compounds on insulin secretion during intravenous glucose tolerance test. Dose (nmol/kg, s.c.) Example 0.0 0.3 1.0 3.0 10 30 100 3 38.3 43.3 45.1 53.3 64.9 116.3 133.6 (8.8) (5) (0.8) (5) (8.8) (5) (6.5) (5) (9.3) (5) (28.6) (4) (16.1) (5) 5 35.9 36.2 45.3 80.6 122.0 144 212.7 (7.5) (5) (4.4) (5) (6.1) (5) (6.4) (5) (5.9) (5) (16.4) (5) (19.4) (5) 6 39.5 34.7 54.2 75.8 100.2 135.4 166.5 (2.2) (5) (3.6) (5) (6.8) (5) (10.3) (5) (15.6) (5) (22.9) (5) (21.6) (5)

The data provided by Table 5 demonstrate a dose dependent increase in insulin secretion.

TABLE 6 ivGTT Insulin Secretion shown by the following data: Insulin secretion (ivGTT) Example (ED₅₀, nmol/kg) (SEM, n) 3 17.1 (n = 1) 5 18.4 (n = 1) 6 12.9 (n = 1)

-   -   The data provided by Table 6 demonstrate dose dependent increase         in insulin secretion.

Immunogenicity Assessment of the Compounds of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6

The purpose of this study is to determine the relative potential for clinical immunogenicity of Example compounds 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6.

Methods:

CD4+ T Cell Assay: The CD4+ T cell assay is used to compare the compounds of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 for a potential to induce an immune response in vivo according to methods known in the art (see, e.g., Jones et al. (2004) J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 24:560-572; and Jones et al. (2005) J. Thromb. Haemost. 3:991-1000), where an assessment of clinically tested monoclonal antibodies and peptides shows some degree of correlation between T cell proliferation observed in vitro and immunogenicity in the clinic. Protein therapeutics that induce less than 30% positive response in the CD4+ T cell proliferation assay are associated with a low risk of immunogenicity. Briefly, to assess the propensity fora clinical immunogenic response to the compounds of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, CD8+ T cell-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are prepared and labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE; Invitrogen) from a cohort of 10 healthy donors with diverse human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II haplotypes. Each donor is tested in triplicate with 2.0 mL media control, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; 0.33 μM), and the compounds of Examples 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6 (0.33 μM). Cultures are incubated for 7 days at 37° C. with 5% CO₂. On day 7, samples are analyzed by flow cytometry using a BD LSR II Fortessa (Becton Dickinson; Franklin Lakes, N.J.), equipped with a high throughput sampler (HTS). Data is analyzed using FlowJo® Software (FlowJo, LLC/TreeStar; Ashland, Oreg.).

Results and Discussion

All donors produce a positive T cell response against KLH (100%). Analysis of the frequency and magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response for Example compounds is shown in Table 7.

TABLE 7 CD4+ T Cell Responses for Example compounds and Positive Control (KLH). Median Response Example or % Donor Response Strength in positive Comparator (n = 10) donors (CDI) KLH 100%  164.285 (n = 10) Example 1 0% NA (n = 0) Example 2 10%    2.69 (n = 1) Example 3 0% NA (n = 0) Example 5 0% NA (n = 0) Example 6 0% NA (n = 0)

-   -   Cell Division Index (“CDI”): proportion of divided CD4+ T cells         to the total number of CD4+ T cells in stimulated versus         unstimulated samples.

These data show that the frequency of positive CD4+ T cell response (CDI>2.5) was low for the tested Example compounds, and the magnitude of the response in the one positive donor from the Example 2 group was low (CDI<3). Thus, based on this assay, these compounds have a low risk of immunogenicity.

Amino Acid Sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 GIP 1-42 (Human) YAEGTFISDYSIAMDKIHQQDFVNWLLAQKGKKNDWKHNITQ SEQ ID NO: 2 GLP-1 (7-36) amide (Human) HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQAAKEFIAWLVKGR-NH₂ SEQ ID NO: 3 Glucagon (Human) HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT SEQ ID NO: 4 Z₁X₁X₂EGTX₆ISDYSIX₁₃LDX₁₆X₁₇X₁₈QX₂₀X₂₁X₂₂VX₂₄X₂₅ X₂₆LX₂₈X₂₉GPSSGAPPPSZ₂ 

1. A compound of the formula: Z₁X₁X₂EGTX₆ISDYSIX₁₃LDX₁₆X₁₇X₁₈QX₂₀X₂₁X₂₂VX₂₄X₂₅X₂₆LX₂₈X₂₉GPSSGAPPPSZ₂ (SEQ ID NO:4) wherein: Z₁ is a modification of the N-terminal amino group wherein the modification is selected from the group consisting of acetyl and absent; X₁ is selected from the group consisting of Y and D-Tyr; X₂ is selected from the group consisting of Aib, A, and D-Ala; X₆ is selected from the group consisting of F, αMeF, Iva, L, αMeL, and αMeF(2F); X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of αMeL, A, L, and Aib; X₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of K, E, and Orn; X₁₇ is selected from the group consisting of I and K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; X₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H, A, and R; X₂₀ is selected from the group consisting of Aib and Q; X₂₁ is selected from the group consisting of D and E; X₂₂ is selected from the group consisting of F and αMeF; X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E, N, Q, and D-Glu; X₂₅ is selected from the group consisting of Y, 4-Pal, W, and αMeY; X₂₆ is selected from the group consisting of L, and K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; X₂₈ is selected from the group consisting of E and A; X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G, A, Q, and T; q is selected from the group consisting of 16 and 18; and Z₂ is absent or a modification of the C-terminal group, wherein the modification is amidation; wherein one and only one selected from X₁₇ and X₂₆ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 2. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 wherein X₁ is Y and Z₁ is absent.
 3. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 2 wherein X₂ is Aib.
 4. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 3 wherein: X₆ is selected from the group consisting of F and αMeF(2F).
 5. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 4 wherein: X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of L and αMeL.
 6. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 5 wherein X₁₆ is K or Orn.
 7. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 6 wherein X₁₆ is K.
 8. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 7 wherein X₁₈ is H.
 9. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 8 wherein X₂₀ is Aib; and X₂₂ is F.
 10. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 9 wherein X₂₁ is D.
 11. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 10 wherein X₂₅ is 4-Pal or Y.
 12. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 11 wherein: X₁₇ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; and X₂₆ is L.
 13. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 11 wherein X₁₇ is I; and X₂₆ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H.
 14. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 wherein q is
 16. 15. The compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 12 wherein q is
 18. 16. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 wherein: X₁ is Y and Z₁ is absent; X₂ is selected from the group consisting of Aib and D-Ala; X₆ is F; X₁₃ is selected from the group consisting of αMeL and L; X₁₆ is selected from the group consisting of K and Orn; X₁₈ is selected from the group consisting of H and A; X₂₀ is Aib; X₂₂ is F; X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E, N, and D-Glu; X₂ is selected from the group consisting of Y, 4-Pal, and W; X₂₈ is selected from the group consisting of E and A; X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G, A, and Q; q is selected from the group consisting of 16 and
 18. 17. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 16 wherein: X₂ is Aib; X₁₃ is αMeL; X₁₈ is H; X₂₄ is selected from the group consisting of E and D-Glu; X₂₅ is selected from the group consisting of Y and 4-Pal; X₂₈ is E; X₂₉ is selected from the group consisting of G and A.
 18. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 17 wherein: X₁₇ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H; and X₂₆ is L.
 19. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 17 wherein: X₁₇ is I; and X₂₆ is K(2-[2-(2-amino-ethoxy)-ethoxy]-acetyl)₂-(γ-Glu)-CO—(CH₂)_(q)—CO₂H.
 20. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, and SEQ ID NO:11.
 21. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 20 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:
 7. 22. (canceled)
 23. The compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 20 wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:10.
 24. A method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of diabetes mellitus, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, an effective amount of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim
 1. 25. (canceled)
 26. (canceled)
 27. A method for treating diabetes in a patient receiving insulin therapy comprising administering an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.
 28. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 1 and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient. 29.-30. (canceled)
 31. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as claimed by claim 20, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent, or excipient, wherein the compound is SEQ ID NO:7. 